Start here: Time-domain reflectometry sends a fast edge or pulse into a line and observes reflections versus time to locate impedance changes.
Why it matters
Reflection polarity and delay can reveal opens, shorts, crushed cable, connectors, water intrusion, or changes in line type. Distance accuracy depends on velocity factor.
A practical example
A connector reflection close to the instrument may be hidden by adapters or launch discontinuity.
Use it well
Calibrate the reference plane, enter the actual velocity factor, compare known open and short traces, and preserve a healthy baseline.
Operating boundary
Keep the measurement reference plane, current program rules, land access, spectrum authorization, and exact packed configuration with the decision. A connector, meter reading, or program name alone does not establish readiness.
