The field meaning: Multi-hop HF propagation reaches beyond one ionospheric hop through repeated ionosphere-to-ground or sea returns, extending communication across continents.
What is really happening
Each hop adds absorption, ground loss, polarization change, focusing or defocusing, and opportunities for the path to fail. Low takeoff angles often matter for long distance.
Do not confuse it with this
Drawing equal arcs on a map oversimplifies a changing three-dimensional path; the strongest signal may use unequal hops, chordal paths, or scatter.
Use it deliberately
Use path prediction as a starting model, select frequency with MUF margin, improve low-angle radiation where appropriate, compare long and short routes, and judge the real path from signals.
Decision boundary
Operating shorthand and propagation models are tools for making a better decision, not proof of a path, contact, or safety condition. Confirm with current rules, measured signals, weather, and the complete station.
