Plain-language answer: Space wave includes direct and ground-reflected paths through the lower atmosphere, commonly important at VHF and UHF.
Why it changes the path
Antenna height, terrain, Fresnel clearance, polarization, reflections, and atmospheric refraction determine coverage beyond simple visual range.
What to observe
Map terrain and heights, then test stable locations while recording obstructions and weather.
The common mistake
Using free-space loss alone to predict a cluttered terrestrial path.
Planning boundary
Propagation models and field regions depend on frequency, geometry, terrain, atmosphere, polarization, antenna pattern, and measurement distance. Use them to plan and compare—not to guarantee a contact or installed range.
